wwii field artillery battalion organization

The 200th was a 155mm Long Tom unit, correct? Several places could have reports and other info, like NARA. Part of the reason American artillery was so effective was good forward observation. But overall, finding info on this unit post Bulge is very hard. The use of artillery reached its zenith in World War II. The 319th GFAB saw action in North Africa, Italy, Normandy, Holland, Belgium and Germany during WW2. U.S. Army 1966. *This publication supersedes FM 3-09.21, Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures For The Field Artillery Battalion Ft. Jackson, 1943. If necessary, these heavier guns could be moved by truck, but they were usually pulled by the M4 high-speed tractor. Changes: Type: Pages. Our uncle, Richard V. Fritts, was a Technical Fourth Grade in the 993rd Field Artillery Battalion, in the Pacific Theater in 1944 and 1945. Within a year all 105mm M2s had pneumatic like the ones below. Headquarters batteries, which themselves have no artillery pieces, but are rather the command and control organization for a group of firing batteries (for example, a regimental or battalion headquarters battery). Thanks. You should be able to find it on my profile page. Have been researching my Dad's WWII service for past 2 years. I will contact the office to see what they have or maybe they can point me in the right direction. 3 talking about this. My father was in Battery B 563RD Field Artillery Battalion and he did not talk at all about his service. Batteries were headed by a captain with an exec who was a lieutenant. On an HE round, the ammunition crews could set it for either point detonating (PD) or time superquick (TSQ). 105mm crew preparing the shells during training exercise. Keep me posted. This depended on how it was turned. My father serverd in the 282nd FAB in Europe.I understand they were loaned out to may units.. Is there a way I can find out more about their unit and the men killed in his outfit. CJ Kelly (author) from the PNW on October 26, 2017: Mr. Lagasse, the 15th FAB has a great website with rosters and stories (not sure if you've found it already). He did ship out to Europe the same date as this battalion. The battalion is best known for its role in the Raid at Cabanatuan in the Philippines in January 1945. It is possible he was assigned after the massacre from another unit. The ability to coordinate fire planning and execution with the troops being supported, to readily observe the impact of artillery fire, and to efficiently shift that fire as needed was extremely important. I'm looking for pictures of the C Battery 81st Field Artillery. Here is where I lose track of him and can find no records of what battalion he was assigned . Even in static situations, the telephones, with their vulnerable lines, had serious limitations near the front lines. I know his headstone states he was a Sergeant but he must received that at Camp Swift in Texas in the three months before being discharged on October 14, 1945. Sv Ls. My father taught at Ft. Sill right after the war, and again at various times over the years for shorter stints (summer camp?) That was repeatedly confirmed during the war. Hi lions44-- I have a picture of my father in uniform, are you looking for those, or only with the howitzers? If you have a photo and bio for your dad, I would love to add him to the Red Leg of the Week feature I do. My dad was with the 268th FA during the Bulge. He went in with the 406 Field Artillery Group and was discharged with the 196th Field Artillery Battalion. The Ivy League schools supplied the artillery branch with hundreds of officers throughout the war. All units in the last year of the war were short men on their roster. Looks like B Battery only. The advantages of air superiority during the European campaigns were crucial and that topic is well developed elsewhere. The basic field organization being the "gun group" and the "tactical group". Their Division was the 2nd Infantry Division aka as the Indianheads. No luck so far. If too much powder residue built up in the barrel, it could cause a catastrophic explosion when a round was fired. WWII US Army Heavy and Medium Field Artillery. Retirements and budget cuts have occurred but I will dig into it, let you know what I find. Type in 83rd Infantry Division. Production problems, massive bombing raids on German manufacturing centers, and air interdiction of lines of communication all combined to seriously impede Germany’s ability to move ammunition and other supplies to its forces in Africa, Italy and the European campaign. CJ Kelly (author) from the PNW on October 15, 2016: Hi Ms. Southall, I would like a picture of your dad in uniform. CJ Kelly (author) from the PNW on May 13, 2020: Hi Mr. Gruber, I do. We were over here!" It was very common for the men to be reassigned to other units after the end of hostilities, as some units were rotated home as well as individual personnel based on points. He listed many names and addresses on the back with their location in the picture. Would you to feature him as a Red Leg of the Week on my page. about practically any U.S.Army unit contact: jcontrovich@comcast.net. I would be glad to furnish you with that. Thanks for the quick response and that would be amazing if you could turn up something to add to our story. I have a lot of links and contacts for you. A better system was needed quickly, so Ordnance officials decided to use available guns and chassis. Duty as an observer usually occurred on a rotating basis for the officers of each battery within the battalion. It was an example of the artillery “putting solid walls of hot steel in front of American defensive positions” while calling in concentrations on German troops for miles around. Battalions were also formed into field artillery groups of various calibers. From what I have gathered he was with 5th Army as part of II Corps and or VI Corps Artillery through North Africa, Italy, then with VI Corps, VII Army through Southern France, and into Germany. He was corporal gunner. If you can, use the email provided as it will be easier for you to contact me. a view to making reconmendations for major Another category of guns that often supported the infantry with direct fire and indirect fire were those mounted on tank destroyers. I actually have several L-4 pics (not great ones), but I put the best one in another article, the Artillery Innovations article. When war broke out in Europe in September 1939, the Army’ artillery units were still equipped with the venerable 75mm and 155mm French guns purchased during World War I. In addition, it hampered German attacks by separating infantry from its accompanying armor. We have since been sent some letters from his family that he wrote home but is does not talk about any action or locations due to security and censorship. That is what I had when I arrived and a year later what I had when I left. A lieutenant led the small team of 3 or 4 men to a forward outpost to spend up to several days manning a front line position. Let me know and that can help the search be more specific. In theory it was supposed to provide supplemental firepower for the infantry companies. I believe the 15th FAB has a Facebook page too. CJ Kelly (author) from the PNW on January 08, 2018: Would love it. The 274th was an Armored Field Artillery unit using the "Priest," 105mm on an M7 chassis. On this version, there were no split trailers. The reading was then given to each gunner while the howitzers were at zero deflection and a minimal elevation from level. Confusingly, that term was used to describe both towed antitank guns and those mounted on tracked vehicles. I'll have to confirm that. It has only taken a few paragraphs to describe America’s artillery and prime movers because America was able to adequately supply all of its forces with these few types of standard guns and vehicles. In the next two years, however, the U.S. Army corrected twenty years of neglect by civilian authorities. He did not talk much about his experience except one instance when he was in Italy as a Forward Observer being shelled so badly one night that his buddy's hair turned white by the next morning. There are lots of photos of guns and crews, but not one L-4 and pilot. The M2 105mm howitzer had a range about 12,000 meters (7.5 miles). But it was the work those battalions did in World War II that set the stage for the rest of the 20th Century and beyond. He also said that his unit was emplaced for a couple weeks around Kassel, Germany during the Rhineland Campaign as he got strafed by German fighters. While I have found quite a bit of information about his unit, including a book published by the South Dakota Historical Commission, a book by Richard Cropp, and the daily reports for his battery. Shells were usually shipped in pallets, with eight shells per pallet. Maximum range for the 105mm was approximately seven miles (12,205 yds). The M10 was eventually phased out in favor of the M18 (nicknamed the “Hellcat”), a smaller, faster vehicle that mounted a high-velocity 76mm gun. German Field Marshal Erich von Manstein commented on the effectiveness of American trucks, even in the mud of the Russian front, where they sharply increased the mobility of Russian artillery units. They were inactivated in 1994. Each infantry division had another artillery battalion equipped with the tractor-drawn M1 155mm howitzer with a range almost 14,600 meters (nine miles). CJ. I have been trying to find out more information on the service of the 689th FA battalion (155mm). Mr. Burr, I do a "Red Leg of the Week" on my Facebook and I would be honored could send a photo. The bits and pieces I have seem to point to him being in the 325th FA 84th Infantry Division Railsplitters. The Battle of the Bulge in December 1944 caused such a manpower crisis in infantry units that even some artillery units ended up sending non-essential personnel to the infantry as replacements. Its high explosive round had the same impact as the 105mm shell, and it was often used to supplement other supporting weapons. My father was with the 662nd FA Battalion in Europe in WWII. During peacetime, the unit saw no combat action but did serve during the prison strike. I will get back to you as soon as I can. He was in the Pensacola convoy and then was in Darwin in early 1942. The Army issued the M36 to tank destroyer battalions in Europe in the latter part of the war. The French 75 or, more properly the Matériel de 75mm Mle 1897, is considered the first of the modern artillery pieces and was capable of a high rate of fire out to 8,000 meters (approximately five miles). Can I ask one more question? Thank you for so quickly getting back to me. He was in Normandy, northern France, Ardennes, Rhineland, and Central Europe. The majority of the officers within the artillery branch were highly skilled. Fort Sill was also where then-Lieutenant Colonel Lesley J. McNair introduced modern instruction methods which greatly facilitated the Army’s ability to rapidly expand the Field Artillery branch. I am doing a blog about the 100 letters my uncle Charles D Knight wrote home while in Europe in the 15th FAB section B using the 105mm howitzer. Another key feature of American artillery during the war was the role of non-divisional artillery battalions of all calibers. Thanks, CJK, my grandfather also passed before i could talk to him of his service. When that defense collapsed Germany took heavy losses as the troops attempted to flee across the few bridges available. CJ Kelly-- We have corresponded before (see way below); my dad was the CO of the 908FAB B Btry, 83rd Inf Div. However in practice, they just never seemed to fit into the basic operations of the regiment and in many cases, ended up being used as perimeter defense. TRADOC 1992. After the war, they were disbanded. Ned Burr, Col USA Ret on September 28, 2017: A couple of changes made that helped in Korea( I'm sure there were more but the two important to me as FDC Chief of 64th Field) - one was that we went to 6 gun batteries, 18 gave me a lot more firepower and, second, we increased number of FO's to 3 per battery so I had 9 on the line. Any sources would be appreciated. For my father, I am hoping that there Are papers there on him, and that they are not duplicate information, and Morning Reports, a good source of information. The Employment of Negro Troops. Stay well. Thanks! It will be very much appreciated. Jim has the largest library of unit histories anywhere. How can one find a unit history? The 95-pound shell required separate-loading bagged charges that were loaded with the shell according to the orders given by the firing officer. The M1 4.5-inch gun, range 19,300 meters (twelve miles), was used mainly for counter-battery fire. He saw his action on D+1 when they stormed Omaha. I'm not finding information about the 325th FA after that. The Germans could have side slipped the axis of their advance into that gap but they never discovered it. Batteries were further subdivided into sections. The gun is the most visible part, but the whole system must work well to make the gun effective. He was a heavy machine gunner in the 662nd Service Battalion. Whether it is within a division or as part of a Corps artillery group, the battalion was the primary unit structure for the artillery branch in World War II. We seek to educate future Americans to fully appreciate the sacrifices that generations of American Soldiers have made to safeguard the freedoms of this Nation. The jungle environment created unique problems for observers because of the tree canopy. Hi Mr. Kelly- I did not have much luck on the 4th Infantry Division Association Page in finding anything on the 20th Field Artillery Batallion- do you have any other page suggestions- any advice is much appreciated! Thanks, Mr. McCasland. He enlisted Feb 42 and was sent to Ft Sill, then to CP Bowie TX until deployment 21 Aug 1943 from NY to ETO arriving Oran Algeria 2 Sep 1943. Unit structure was evaluated, standard operating procedures were rewritten, and new technologies came on line. Their officer would take a reading from the aiming circle so that the four guns of the battery would be aligned and shoot parallel with each other. The bursting charge of its round lacked power and others guns were more accurate. The guns must have effective prime movers or be mounted on tracked vehicles. I have info and other things I could help you with. I also have the two small booklets that were published about the 2nd Infantry Division. Most American armored divisions deployed three battalions of standard 105mm howitzers mounted, in the open, on the chassis of an M3 Lee or, more frequently, an M4 Sherman tank. I am wondering if this could be him? Osprey 2007. While exciting, it can get confusing. The artillery did.”   The U.S. Army’s artillery refers to itself as the “King of Battle,” and its performance in Europe in World War II allowed it to rightfully claim that title. They were also very useful as infantry support weapons. Hi Mr. Gruber, the 20th was part of the 4th Infantry Division and a ton of information on the unit can be found on that unit's WWII pages. American artillerymen did not try to combat the enemy’s artillery by building bigger guns. It sounds like you've spoken to just about everybody, including the division association. Author of Red Legs of the Bulge: Artillerymen in the Battle of the Bulge. We did learn the story of when he was wounded by a landmine near Monchau while looking for a break in the wire. I was associated with another descendant of the 20th, the 4th Bn in Lansing, MI. First, with regard to artillery replacement, for the part, once a soldier was assigned to a artillery battalion, he stayed with them. For example, if the setting sleeve was turned parallel to the shell, it was set for superquick. His unit had occupied a large farm in western Germany. All of these guns were placed under the direction of the assistant division commander of the 1st Infantry Division and all their fire was coordinated through his headquarters. Will do my best and get back to you as soon as I can. I left out a lot, but that's the easy synopsis. Note(s) 6-10. Battalions were usually headed by a lieutenant colonel with an executive officer who was usually a major. I am hoping to find any information about my Dad's service and whether my Dad could entitled to this award plus the Army of Occupation Medal. America built several such tank destroyers on a tracked chassis with a lightly armored, open topped turret. Guns continued to be improved while others were phased out. When the situation was more fluid, as was the case in the summer and fall of 1944, the observation team may stay with a particular infantry unit for an extended time. Its strength was 3,300 men. I'll keep looking and get back to you. $1.50. - Did you get to Buchenwald at the end of the war? From there to the ASTP at University of Arizona. Armored field artillery battalions had the same command structure within their organic divisions as the infantry, but contained 18 self-propelled howitzers instead of the usual 12 for the towed variety. The airborne spotters were so effective that, in some cases, the pilot/observer directed up to ninety-five percent of the artillery fire delivered. For example, there is not a lot in the histories of World War II about the fact that the Germans never developed the cavalry groups that gave the Allies an excellent reconnaissance capability. I will pass it on. Against troops in the open, or without overhead cover, shells that burst just before they impact are much more effective than those that hit the ground before exploding. Hoping get something out of that. The aiming circle was a small scope graduated with 6,400 mils as opposed to the usual 360 degrees (a mil is 1/6400 of a circle). I really appreciate it. The American guns were a bit heavier than their German counterparts and generally had a longer range. The size of the battalion depended on its main weapon. The most commonly used field artillery piece used by the U.S. Army in World War II was the M2A1 105mm howitzer. Regardless of the theater in which they operated, the branch was able to put all of these innovations into use. I am interested in any info or interviews. 3 ammo crew to the right. Where possible, they could set the scope on a fixed target (e.g. Each battery calculated the time of flight from their guns to the target. My father was part of the 147th FA. I'm also available on Google + or Twitter. I believe. Heavier guns in separate battalions were attached to divisions, corps, or armies as needed. Send me an email (link from HP) and I will send the list. The Field Artillery branch had developed clear ideas of what guns were needed for the mobile war it saw coming. During the 1990s the Brigade had a single M198, 155mm battery (initially Battery C, 5th Battalion, 8th Field Artillery; later Battery C, 1st Battalion, 377th Field Artillery Regiment) assigned to Fort Campbell, Kentucky, in support of the 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault). https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/agency/arm... CJ Kelly (author) from the PNW on May 14, 2020: Mr. Poore, thank you very much. They were not enthusiastic replacements, especially since they were usually working under harsh conditions. Prewar studies had made it clear that a synergistic effect occurred when infantry, artillery and armor fought as a closely coordinated whole. I've seen so many. If so, info is scarce because it was a non-divisional unit. My father was in WWII. I know he also went to Edgewood Arsenal at some point (I don't know my own history!). It was deployed against the left flank of the American sector. So there must be one out there for the 908. *ATP 3-09.23. US Army Table of Organization and Equipment Intro to TOE. Last week we found a Facebook group for the 200th and sent them a mail about if they knew of the book as it might mention my grandad. They were tasked with cutting the Caen-Bayeux road. Within those battalions were some of the most highly skilled personnel that the U.S. Army had throughout the war. Major, later General, Anthony C. McAuliffe studied the FM radios that the Connecticut State Police had began using and convinced the Army to develop FM vehicle radios. Under the pressure of a fire mission, these tasks were hellish in the freezing, wet weather of Northern Europe. That baffled me til someone pointed out that in his situation, points wouldn't matter, and exactly what you said--the regrouping of men. One of the keys to the success of the artillery branch in World War II lay in the structure of the battalion and its personnel. Nevertheless, evaluating an army’s artillery requires a good deal more than looking at the standard guns that it deploys. His service records were burned in the ST Louis fire when I contacted NARA and did get one page which stated he spent 20 months with the 894th Ord HAM Co; however, I don't think that is correct. My sister cleared some information. No other artillery in the world could have done that at that time. In the fighting for Hill 192 outside of St. Lô, the 2d Infantry alone fired up to twenty TOTs a night to keep the defenders off balance. No matter what your job, it was dangerous - Artillery battalion mess sergeant lies dead after a German barrage, April 1945. The unit ended the war near Hitler's Eagles Nest. The majority of the shells expended during fire missions were usually high explosive (HE). I am researching the 259th Artillery Battalion. It's a mix of WWII, Korea and Vietnam, but their webmasters and historians are good. This indicated that the break was somewhere between where they were and the location of the last “Okay” call. The command element of the groups was structured very similarly to that of a divisional artillery HQ with such features as fire direction center, H&H battery and service battery. That happened a lot in the wake of the Bulge. I have been able to get in contact with people with unit history books of each battery of the 666th but my father is not listed in any of the books. The two assistant gunners and three other cannoneers in the section were responsible for packing the shells with powder bags, setting the fuses according to the mission specifics and loading. However, by the end of World War II, this gun was withdrawn from service despite its exceptional range. But I'll keep trying. Pages in category "Field artillery battalions of the United States Army" The following 57 pages are in this category, out of 57 total. You can either email me, friend me on Facebook or my Red Legs page. Although a staged photo, it does give a good view of the 105mm. My father just passed away last week and I've been trying to find out about the actual unit he served in. He landed on D-Day +2 and the book covers a few engagements and on the back cover is the list of those killed which list my grandad. I will put an ad up and keep you posted. These provided a strong clear signal for about forty miles. 158th Infantry Regiment (sent to the Pacific) 189th Field Artillery Battalion Attachments: 645th Tank Destroyer Battalion. And I didn't really think about how the army wouldn't stop practicing, because my father's section, at least, thought they were going on to Japan. The shift of several large caliber artillery units, particularly segregated African American battalions, to Bastogne during the first 48 hours of the battle helped save the city from capture. his discharge papers say he was in battery b 285th fa obsn which i know was the battalion at the malmedy massacre but i have never found his name on any survivor list his name by the was daniel coggeshall. external powder bags), the duties of the 155mm crews were essentially the same. They were also charged with conducting topographical surveys, which during combat operations were carried out rather infrequently. CJ Kelly (author) from the PNW on May 17, 2020: I might have some contacts for you, when you have a minute, just email me. Information on this unit has been hard to come by, do you have any notion of how I might find out more about the 689th? Also, using my Red Leg FB page to turn something up. I'm not certain if that means they are attached to each other or used independently. Even when the front was relatively quiet, the Fallschirmjäger lost approximately 100 killed and several hundred wounded each day. C1: S: 9. Distribution Restriction: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. VI Tiger tanks put out of action in North Africa was knocked out by a French 75 mounted in the back of a half-track. The M1 75mm pack howitzer, with a range of 8,880 meters (5.5 miles) for mountain, airborne, and jungle use, was put into service, and anything larger than a bicycle could move it. Thank you, Mr. Kelly. There's also a great shot of the gunner's M12 panoramic scope. I am trying to write a history of the 147th from November 1940 when his National Guard unit was activated and November 1945 when he was discharged. He apparently has a lot pics, etc. Hi Mr. Kelly. Each fired during the countdown at a time that caused the initial rounds from all of the guns to impact the target simultaneously. I did find a guy who runs a blog/website. Any information you have would be great - I'm just trying to put together some detailed information for my sons about their grandfather who served in World War 2. Using the vernacular of today, they could be described as a heavy weapons company on steroids. My other granddad was on HMS Iron Duke at the Battle of Jutland during WW1 and was originally called Jack Bishop. Great to hear from you. My grandfather Sgt. The fire direction center directing the TOT broadcast a countdown to all of the batteries participating in the shoot. He did not speak of his service- wondering if you have any leads that might help? While the Army fought in North Africa with modern artillery pieces, the French 75mm gun still had a limited role at that stage of the war. As with the 105mm, color markings were used to differentiate the type of shells. But please send anyway. The Division has an excellent veterans association which is very helpful to families, see americal.org. R. L. Dinardo’s excellent book, Mechanized Juggernaut or Military Anachronism? He may have landed in Scotland. Upon arrival at a position, using such equipment as aiming circles, range finders, and other survey equipment like steel tapes and chains, the enlisted men of the section would lay in the guns to prepare them for aiming direction and elevation. This map highlights the dates and locations where the 173rd Field Artillery Battalion served in WWII. who does research at the Library of Congress, did a search on my father for me. One of the loaders disposing of the casing. Any analysis that does not examine all components of the system, and acknowledge that interference with any part of it can sharply reduce its effectiveness, is incomplete. Since your dad was assigned in late '43, he probably ended up on Bouganville and then the Philippines. I'm not sure that the 196th was part of the 79th. The group owner very kindly sent us a photo copy of the page where it describes in detail how my grandad and three others were driving two trucks from a supply depot in the rear back to their position with rubber tracks for the prime movers on April 18th 1945 (three weeks before the war ended!) He was captured and in his possession was a map showing all of the German artillery positions in the area. As a result, good quality field guns were available when the army landed in North Africa in November 1942. Thx for stopping by. Field Artillery Battalion, 69th Infantry Division Lt Col Iienry E. Strickland, 016140, Comnanding Officer, 79th Field Artillery Group . Between the wars, there were important changes to the standard practices of the branch. Should have something for you in a few weeks. German horse-drawn artillery could only move at a rate of perhaps twenty-five miles a day for several days before the horses needed to rest. Even the famous infantry replacements rarely moved. The surviving descendant of the 20th FA is 2nd BN 20th FA which is now MLRS. Some of these advantages are well understood and some less so. There were instance after the Bulge were survivors who were in units wiped in the battle were farmed out to other battalions until their original units were reformed or the war was over. Charles (Mac) Armstrong 283nd. CJ you might direct Mr. Gruber to the 4th Infantry Association's newsletter Ivy Leaves. The version of the 155mm they're using was modfied the next year. Or you can go to FB, and message me. Horses in the German Army of World War II, covers the topic quite well. Will send over the excerpt. Upon receiving the orders from the firing officer such as Command Left 10 or Right 20, the key task for the gunner was to get the aiming stakes and the gun sight lined up on the vertical crosshair in the scope. These vehicles made American artillery far more mobile than German guns, which still relied heavily on horses for movement. This was not the case with German artillery. I think I have their lineage and honors somewhere on backups. The Field Artillery OCS at Fort Sill (one of three during the war) produced 25,993 second lieutenants during the war years,which included over 3500 ROTC cadets who had completed between six and eight semesters of ROTC. The organization of this type of division varied, but it is believed that the basic pattern was originally a two-regiment, three-battalion division, with normal supporting units and an additional antiaircraft battalion. Our funding helps to acquire and conserve Army historical art and artifacts, support Army history educational programs, research, and publication of historical materials on the American Soldier, and provide support and counsel to private and governmental organizations committed to the same goals. My grandfather was in the 282nd fab and i saw you respond to mr. Armstrong in the comments and was hoping that u still had access to the information id love to find out more but its very hard to find info in his personell file bc alot of what they actually did differs from what it says they did. Was deployed against the left of the Bulge, 8 inch, the alone. Tanks, so I started this idea too late to ask him September 16, 2016: Absolutely nancy. Combat zone he also went to Camp Roberts for replacement Field artillery Btln, 232 Engineer Co to. William Oakley was a patch for the wwii field artillery battalion organization Division ’ s whereabouts -- how do I send a! The Long Tom '' battery training in England a hand wheel to the.... It is past the first week of December, nancy ambush the crews but also 2nd! Information regarding Field artillery training as a Red Leg come from accurately place fires and rapidly shift them from PNW... 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