Organisations using operating system virtualisation, (especially third party) cloud computing infrastructure, or providing users with BYOD or remote access to the organisation’s network, might require controls that are less dependent on the physical architecture of the network. uninstall Java if there is no business requirement to use it, configure Java to disable ‘Java content in the browser’, use a modern web browser which forbids running deprecated Java plugins, apply web browser specific configuration settings that disable Java in the web browser, use a separate web browser that can only run Java code located on the organisation’s internal systems. Mitigations – Multi-Factor Authentication, Enable multi-factor authentication on VPN, RDP, SSH and other remote access systems, Enforce multi-factor authentication for privileged actions or access to sensitive/high-availbility data repositories. Dynamic analysis uses behaviour-based detection capabilities instead of relying on the use of signatures, enabling the organisation to detect malware that has yet to be identified by the cyber security community. Require departing employees to also return items that could facilitate access to organisational computers and data, including their identification pass and keys used to access the organisation’s buildings and IT facilities. For example, users might be less likely to resist the removal of their unnecessary administrative privileges if they understand why the mitigation strategy is required. whether the product generates enough useful data to enable cyber security incidents to be identified, without causing too many false positives which overwhelm the organisation’s incident response team. User application hardening. Organisations that don’t use Proxy Auto-Configuration should disable this feature in web browsers. This mitigation strategy significantly helps to reduce the attack surface of user computers. Further information about Microsoft LAPS is available at https://www.microsoft.com/en-au/download/details.aspx?id=46899. OWASP guidance helps to mitigate web application security vulnerabilities such as SQL injection, and covers code review, data validation and sanitisation, user and session management, protection of data in transit and storage, error handling, user authentication, logging and auditing. Ideally block Flash, ActiveX and Java, except for approved websites that require such functionality for legitimate purposes. Use the latest version of applications since they typically incorporate additional security technologies such as sandboxing and other anti-exploitation capabilities. Constrain devices with low assurance (e.g. According to a survey by BackBlaze, the number of users who back up their data daily was only 9%, with 20% never backing up and 25% only performing backups yearly. Adversaries could use compromised account credentials, or in some cases exploitable security vulnerabilities affecting other computers in the organisation, to propagate (laterally move) throughout the network in order to locate and access sensitive data. performing malicious actions only if specific conditions are met, for example after a period of time or specified date has elapsed, after the user has interacted with the computer such as clicked a mouse button, or if the malware considers the computer to be a real user’s computer and not a virtual machine or honeypot. Further information about Microsoft patch MS14-025 is available at https://support.microsoft.com/en-au/help/2962486/ms14-025-vulnerability-in-group-policy-preferences-could-allow-elevati. Validate the requirement for users to be granted administrative privileges, and revalidate this requirement at least annually and preferably monthly. Configure web browsers to block Flash (ideally uninstall it if possible), advertisements and untrusted Java code on the internet. As the current COVID-19 situation develops, organizations must reconsider preventive measures and actions to take should a cyber incident occur. Further guidance is available at https://www.cyber.gov.au/acsc/view-all-content/publications/restricting-administrative-privileges. Additional information is provided in this document to help organisations mitigate cyber security incidents caused by: Readers are strongly encouraged to visit the ACSC’s website [1] for the latest version of this document and additional information about implementing the mitigation strategies. User education won’t prevent a user from visiting a legitimate website that has been temporarily compromised to serve malicious content as part of a ‘drive by download’, ‘watering hole’ or ‘strategic web compromise’, including where malvertising runs malicious software without requiring user interaction. Change default passphrases. This can damage the competitive advantages and reputation of affected organisations, damage a country’s economic wellbeing, influence public opinion, negatively impact citizens due to the release of their private data, and unnecessarily consume scarce financial and staff resources to respond to such intrusions. An attacker uses software, data or commands to take advantage of weaknesses of an application that is accessible to the external internet. Prioritise the protection of OT assets (including supporting computers) which are critical to the organisation’s ability to deliver essential services. TLS encryption between email servers to help prevent legitimate emails being intercepted and subsequently leveraged for social engineering. Continuous incident detection and response with automated immediate analysis of centralised time-synchronised logs of allowed and denied computer events, authentication, file access and network activity. As such, patching forms part of the Essential Eight from the Strategies to Mitigate Cyber … Mitre ATT&CK for Enterprise: Execution – Mshta, PowerShell, Rundll32, Scripting, User Execution, InstallUtil, Scripts (Powershell, VBscript, MSHTA, etc), Code Signing - Set PowerShell execution policy to execute only signed scripts, Disable or Remove Feature or Program - It may be possible to remove PowerShell from systems when not needed, but a review should be performed to assess the impact to an environment since it could be in use for many legitimate purposes and administrative functions, Disable/restrict the WinRM Service - helps prevent uses of PowerShell for remote execution, Privileged Account Management - When PowerShell is necessary, restrict PowerShell execution policy to administrators. Mitigation Strategies to Limit the Extent of Cyber Security Incidents: Malicious insiders who steal. In addition to configuring system-wide EMET rules, configure EMET rules for applications that interact with potentially untrusted content, for example web browsers, Microsoft Office and PDF viewers. Deploying application control is easier if the organisation has detailed visibility of what software is installed on computers. Allow only approved attachment types (including in archives and nested archives [27]). Ensure an operating system patching process is in place. Determine the access requirements for staff and provide minimal access. Configure WDigest (KB2871997). process injection, keystroke logging, driver loading and persistence). Permissions on files and network drives (file shares) can be used to limit access to data. The ACSC’s website also has separate and specific guidance for mitigating denial of service [2], and securely using cloud computing [3] [4] [5] and enterprise mobility including personally owned computing devices [6] [7]. Further guidance on multi-factor authentication is available at https://www.cyber.gov.au/acsc/view-all-content/publications/implementing-multi-factor-authentication. These techniques are also referred to as ‘CEO fraud’, ‘senior executive impersonation’ and ‘business email spoofing’. Level 42, Rialto South Tower, 525 Collins St. Business Survival Assessment Service (BSAS), Managed Security Service Provision (MSSP), Security Incident Event Management (SIEM), Electronic Chief Information Security Officer (eCISO), 'Strategies to Mitigate Cyber Security Incidents', do not adequately respond to vulnerabilities, https://www.cyber.gov.au/publications/essential-eight-explained, https://www.cyber.gov.au/publications/essential-eight-maturity-model, https://www.cyber.gov.au/publications/strategies-to-mitigate-cyber-security-incidents, https://www.backblaze.com/blog/more-people-than-ever-backing-up-according-to-our-survey/, https://www.cyber.gov.au/news/updates-essential-eight-maturity-model, Threat Intelligence Report - 7th December to 13th December 2020, Threat Intelligence Report - 30th November to 6th December 2020, Threat Intelligence Report - 23rd November to 29th November 2020, Red Piranha continues global expansion with the export of Australia’s first XDR to the Middle East, Red Piranha continues global expansion with the export of Australia’s first XDR to the Middle East. Web content filtering. This typically isn’t a viable low-risk exfiltration option for a targeted cyber intrusion where adversaries are in a physically distant location such as a foreign country. Nevertheless, non-exhaustive guidance is provided for these threats on the following pages to highlight how the existing mitigation strategies are relevant and can be leveraged as a baseline for mitigating these threats. Robust business continuity and disaster recovery plans assist with enabling organisations to remain in business and continue providing critical services and products to customers and other stakeholders. Australian Government policy on personnel security is available at: https://www.protectivesecurity.gov.au/personnel/Pages/default.aspx. It might be easily copied by adversaries without requiring administrative privileges. ‘Business email compromise’ involves adversaries using social engineering or targeted cyber intrusion techniques to abuse the trust in the target organisation’s business processes with the typical goal of committing fraud. Application control is implemented on all servers to restrict the execution of executables, software libraries, scripts and installers to an approved set. Ensure password hashes and secrets are not stored in locations accessible by lower privileged accounts. Most importantly, subsequently manually delete existing stored passphrases. Privileged access to systems, applications and data repositories is limited to that required for personnel to undertake their duties. Preferably quarantine attachments and disable hyperlinks in emails from webmail providers that provide free email addresses to anonymous internet users, since adversaries often use such email addresses due to the lack of attribution. Some mitigation is provided by requiring all users to select a strong passphrase that is appropriately hashed using a cryptographically strong algorithm. Network segmentation helps to prevent adversaries from propagating throughout the organisation’s network. Adversaries typically have several compromised computers on the organisation’s network, as well as compromised VPN or other remote access accounts, maintained as backdoors to facilitate further collection and exfiltration of data in the future. Such education might reduce the level of user resistance to the implementation of mitigation strategies. HTTP/HTTPS sessions with an unusual ratio of outgoing traffic to incoming traffic, HTTP/HTTPS traffic with a ‘User-Agent’ header value that is not associated with legitimate software used by the organisation, DNS lookups for domain names that don’t exist and aren’t an obvious user typo, indicating malware communicating to a domain that is yet to be registered by adversaries, DNS lookups for domain names that resolve to a localhost IP address such as 127.0.0.1, indicating malware that adversaries are not ready to communicate with, use of removable storage media and connected devices especially USB storage devices, data access and printing which is excessive compared to the normal baseline for a user and their peer colleagues. Data accessed frequently includes Microsoft Office files, Outlook email files, PDF files as well as data stored in databases. A NIDS/NIPS correctly configured with up-to-date signatures and supported by appropriate processes can provide some assistance with identifying cyber security incidents. The ACSC recommends incremental or differential backups of relevant new/changed data, software and configuration settings, with offsite or disconnected storage and a retention period of at least three months. Breaking down the ASD’s “top four” strategies to mitigate cyber security incidents. Endpoint protection or anti-malware software from some vendors includes software-based application firewall functionality. Don’t use application versions that are no longer vendor-supported with patches for security vulnerabilities. Two of the top 4 strategies revolve around patching applications and operating systems. The effectiveness of this mitigation strategy is further reduced if the sensitive data is unstructured and therefore difficult to identify using keywords or data patterns such as regular expressions. The Australian Signals Directorate (ASD) Strategies to Mitigate Cyber Security Incidents guide covers a number of mitigation strategies from the Information Security Manual … Use antivirus software from different vendors for gateways versus computers. Applying patches to operating systems, applications and devices is critical to ensuring the security of systems. Further guidance on protecting web applications is available at https://www.cyber.gov.au/acsc/view-all-content/publications/protecting-web-applications-and-users. Furthermore, a robust policy and processes should be used to enable data to be transferred from the virtualised environment to the user’s local environment. The focus is not on detecting cyber security incidents based on a list of known malicious domains, IP addresses, file hashes and other indicators of compromise which are similar to reactive signatures. A software-based certificate that is stored as a file without additional protection is an even less secure option. The ACSC recommends hardening end-point systems by locking down, uninstalling and disabling unnecessary features and applications. Furthermore, web browser ‘click-to-play’ functionality provides limited mitigation since it relies on users to make correct security decisions. Store logs for at least 18 months, or longer if required by regulatory compliance. When installing new software, avoid creating hashes for added files that aren’t of an executable nature. Implementation guidance for associated mitigation strategies is provided later in this document, and a table summary of the associated mitigation strategies is provided in the complementary Strategies to Mitigate Cyber Security Incidents publication. Use an implementation that is regularly updated by the vendor to mitigate evolving evasion techniques that challenge the effectiveness of this mitigation strategy. Adversaries typically access details such as the organisation hierarchy, usernames and passphrases including remote access credentials, as well as system data including configuration details of computers and the network. Document the criteria and thresholds at which operations are to be transitioned to the disaster recovery site, while avoiding internal and external staff involved in the incident response activity becoming exhausted and ineffective. Use ‘hard fail’ SPF TXT and DMARC DNS records to mitigate emails that spoof the organisation’s domain. contractual timely onsite vendor support to repair and replace damaged computers and network devices such as switches, routers and IP-based telephones. The following pages provide an overview of the threats of targeted cyber intrusions, ransomware and external adversaries who destroy data and prevent computers/networks from functioning, as well as malicious insiders. Information about BYOD and other enterprise mobility solutions is available at: Protect authentication credentials. Application control is implemented on all workstations to restrict the execution of executables, software libraries, scripts and installers to an approved set. Such directories include %AppData%, %LocalAppData%, their subdirectories, as well as %TEMP%. Further guidance on securing content management systems is available at https://www.cyber.gov.au/acsc/view-all-content/publications/securing-content-management-systems. Analyse and action real-time log alerts generated by file activity monitoring tools to identify suspicious rapid and numerous file copying or changes. Initially testing application control in ‘audit’/’logging only’ mode helps organisations to develop an inventory of installed software, while taking care to avoid including existing malware in the inventory. According to The Identity Theft Resource Center, a data breach is “an Choosing where to focus efforts on risk reduction and mitigation strategies is a difficult task. users who have domain or local system administrative privileges, and equivalent administrative privileges in operating systems other than Microsoft Windows, users who have elevated operating system privileges, users who have privileged access to applications such as a database. Utilise an operating system update management system such as WSUS (Windows Server Update Services), or Windows Update for Business through an MDM solution such as Microsoft Intune. Email content filtering helps to prevent the compromise of user computers via adversaries using malicious emails. A different approach involving more thorough testing is usually used for deploying patches to servers, as well as for deploying upgrades that introduce significant additional features and capabilities. Why: Admin accounts are the 'keys to the kingdom'. Maintain, monitor and apply application updates regularly with a recommendation of 48 hours to fix an 'extreme risk' vulnerability. Privileged access to systems, applications and data repositories is validated when first requested and revalidated on an annual or more frequent basis. Focus on hardening the configuration of applications used to interact with content from the internet. Capturing network traffic can assist the organisation to determine the techniques used by adversaries, perform a damage assessment and assist with remediating the compromise. Cyber security incidents often involve the use of ‘dynamic’ domains and other domains provided free to anonymous internet users, due to the lack of attribution. Mitre ATT&CK for Enterprise: Mitigations – Disable or Remove Feature or Program, Establish a standard operating environment (SOE). The Essential 8 (E8) is a prioritised subset of 'Strategies to Mitigate Cyber Security Incidents', outlining the eight most essential mitigation strategies. Implement a solution that inspects HTTPS traffic for malicious content, especially HTTPS communications with unfamiliar websites, noting that encrypted network traffic has become pervasive. Security-Enhanced Linux (SELinux) and grsecurity are examples of exploit mitigation mechanisms for Linux operating systems. Adversaries use these accounts to gain full access to information and systems. Malicious insiders motivated by money or in some cases coercion, ideology, ego or excitement, might steal data such as customer details or intellectual property. Enforcing proper management of privileged accounts mitigates several common adversary techniques such as account manipulation, credential dumping, exploitation of remote services, pass the hash, process injection and service execution. This document and additional information about implementing the mitigation strategies is available at https://www.cyber.gov.au/acsc/view-all-content/publications. Typical functionality enables organisations to perform investigation and response activities such as rapidly analysing multiple computers seamlessly, blocking specific network communication attempts and isolating a compromised computer from the network. If implemented correctly, it can make it significantly more difficult for adversaries to locate and gain access to the organisation’s important (sensitive or high-availability) data. Test the restoration process when the backup capability is initially implemented, annually and whenever IT infrastructure changes. Initial Access – Exploit Public-Facing Application, Remove any unsupported or abandoned applications. When implementing this alternative approach, the mitigation strategy ‘Network segmentation’ should also be implemented to mitigate the security risk of a compromised virtualised environment accessing the organisation’s important data. Such persistence involves malware attempting to persist after the computer is rebooted, for example by modifying or adding Windows Registry settings and files such as computer services. This is an efficient and effective way for companies to access a CISO like capability without having an in house CISO. Such websites include web forums, social networking websites, cloud computing services, as well as legitimate but temporarily compromised websites. Finally, users should avoid using weak passphrases, reusing passphrases, using unapproved removable storage media and connected devices, and exposing their email addresses for example via social networking. OT environments are special-purpose and are designed to be in production for decades. The use of single sign-on authentication in the organisation might significantly benefit adversaries. Implementation options are included in the ACSC’s guidance on network segmentation available at https://www.cyber.gov.au/acsc/view-all-content/publications/implementing-network-segmentation-and-segregation. Block/quarantine content that can’t be inspected such as passphrase-protected archive files (e.g. Appropriately protect records of the passphrases used for such servers. Restrict access based on the connectivity required, user job role, business function, trust boundaries and the extent to which data is important. If backups need to be stored online or otherwise connected to computers and the network, for example due to the use of continuous backup with cloud storage services, require the use of multi-factor authentication with human intervention to modify or delete backups. Mitigation strategies to detect cyber security incidents and respond Continuous incident detection and response Mitigation strategy. Note that some web browsers have an embedded version of Flash. eCISO takes advantage of the high degree of automation, eliminating the need to integrate multiple vendor systems, which are often not compatible with each other and is backed by Red Piranha's team of experts, to provide Governance, Compliance and Reporting functions to a customer, blended with some on-site services such as reporting at Board meetings. Control removable storage media and connected devices. The execution of unapproved code including PowerShell, MSHTA, DLLs and installers is associated with a vast number of threat actors as a method of execution after initial access through methods such as phishing or exploitation of public-facing applications. Such controls include ‘micro-segmentation’ firewalling implemented by the virtualisation platform layer, software-based firewalling implemented in individual computers and virtual machines, and ‘IPsec Server and Domain Isolation’. The requirement for adversaries to exploit an additional security vulnerability to escape from the virtualised environment can increase the security effectiveness of this alternative approach, although hypervisor security vulnerabilities are occasionally publicly disclosed. Such users are Most Likely Targets who usually run a limited number of software applications such as Microsoft Office, an email program and a web browser. Of the more than 2 million businesses in Australia, less than 100 have appointed a CISO. A physically separate token with a time-based value, that is not physically connected to the computer, might be the most secure option depending on its use and implementation. Determine and document all privileged accounts existing within systems. The effectiveness of network-based mitigation strategies continues to decrease due to evolutions in the architecture of IT infrastructure. What is the Essential 8? Otherwise if every new file is hashed, the list of hashes is likely to become too large and if distributed via Group Policy, might unacceptably slow down users logging into their computers. Security Control: 0304; Revision: 5; Updated: Sep-18; Applicability: O, P, S, TS. Non-persistent virtualised sandboxed environment, denying access to important (sensitive or high-availability) data, for risky activities (e.g. using ‘next-generation’ cyber security software, or any other vendor product, that decides whether an application should be allowed to execute based on factors other than the system administrator’s pre-configured list of approved applications. Avoid phishing emails (e.g. Microsoft Office macros in documents originating from the internet are blocked. Multi-factor authentication provides additional steps to authorise access to systems compared to traditional single-factor authentication such as passwords or PINs. Automated dynamic analysis of email and web content run in a sandbox, blocked if suspicious behaviour is identified (e.g. Retain backups for at least three months and long enough to ensure that by the time a cyber security incident is identified, backups are available which contain undamaged copies of files. Disable Office add-ins. Block internet advertisements using web content filtering in the gateway (and web browser software), due to the prevalent threat of adversaries using malicious advertising (malvertising) to compromise the integrity of legitimate websites to compromise visitors to such websites. Test the organisation’s incident response process identifies and restores all files that have the of... But do not originate from email servers to help mitigate this security risk, ensure that application is... 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