what innovations helped the macedonian army conquer greece

The terms of peace included the loss of most of his navy, payment of a large indemnity to Rome, and the loss of his territories outside of Macedonia. What two city-states recognized Macedonia as a threat? The Macedonian Phalanx, a rectangular infantry formation, was developed by Philip II of Macedon and used by his son Alexander the Great to conquer other armies. sarissas: A long spear or pike about 13-20 feet in length, used in ancient Greek and Hellenistic warfare, that was initially introduced by Philip II of Macedon. D. Athens fought alone without the help of Sparta. 30 seconds . Philip then began harrying Rhodes, Pergamum, and other Greek city-states of the Aegean. They caused increasing involvement by Rome in Greek affairs and helped lead to Roman domination of the entire eastern Mediterranean area. Strassler, R. B. Three great battles—Mantinea (418 BCE), Leuctra (371 BCE), and Gaugamela (331 BCE)—demonstrate the development of Greek and Macedonian warfare from the simple hoplite phalanx employed by Greek farmers defending their fields, into the powerful, tactically flexible army which allowed Alexander the Great to conquer the Persian Empire. The Spartans fought alone without the help of Athens. The Second Macedonian War (200–196) was launched by the Roman Senate against Philip after he refused to guarantee to make no hostile moves against these states. through the reign of several kings. Book Club in the forum: Three great battles—Mantinea (418 BCE), Leuctra (371 BCE), and Gaugamela (331 BCE)—demonstrate the development of Greek and Macedonian warfare from the simple hoplite phalanx employed by Greek farmers defending their fields, into the powerful, tactically flexible army which allowed Alexander the Great to conquer the Persian Empire. 1996. Corrections? Hanson, V. D. 2004. Perseus was taken back to Rome in chains, and Macedonia was broken up into four formally autonomous republics that were required to pay annual tribute to Rome. To purify or not to purify Experiencing Latin: Plautus Amphitruo The area that is now Greece was home to the first civilizations in Europe. [3], Tactics in major hoplite battles were essentially limited to a frontal attack. Drag the events to the correct boxes. As was the common practice, the strongest units were placed on each army’s right wing, the “place of honor”. Philip’s innovative new formations, and their new methods of tactical employment, produced the most powerful and tactically sophisticated infantry force ever known to Greece. 1989. Alexander the Great, king of Macedonia (336–323 BCE), who overthrew the Persian empire, carried Macedonian arms to India, and laid the foundations for the Hellenistic world of territorial kingdoms. As expressed by the Greek historian Thucydides, All armies are alike in this: on going into action they get forced out rather on their right wing…because fear makes each man do his best to shelter his unarmed side with the shield of the man next to him on the right.[6]. [2] The phalanxes of two adversarial poleis would meet at the disputed territory, charge directly at each other and fight it out in the space of an afternoon. This professionalism allowed their phalanx a degree of maneuverability which they put to good use at Mantinea. Philip II of Macedon (Greek: Φίλιππος Β΄ ὁ Μακεδών; 382–336 BC) was the king of the kingdom of Macedon from 359 BC until his assassination in 336 BC. The Greek city-states after successfully warding off an imperial Persian conquest in the fifth century B.C. Hoplite warfare was conducted by the city states of central and southern Greece in this manner from approximately 700 BCE down to the beginning of the Peloponnesian War in 431 BCE. Sparta is a characteristic Greek city-state in that there are democratic checks on the ruler. ... Alexander totally crushed its army, sold the people into slavery, and burned the city to the ground. Heavy Cavalry, although perhaps inspired by the eccentric practice of some wealthy steppe warriors, was Phillip’s unique military innovation and was a key to the Macedonian approach to set-piece battle. Philip set out to conquer Greece. The side which could outlast its enemy and stand up better to the noise, fear, and blood of combat would gain the victory. Strassler, R. B. [4], The great Peloponnesian War which began in 431 BCE, which pitted Sparta and her allies against Athens and her Aegean empire, changed the nature of warfare. As Greece awoke from its “Dark Ages”, it experienced a “military renaissance” centered on the hoplite—the heavily armed infantryman of the city-state [polis; plural poleis]. The command structure of the Macedonian army was extremely complex, consisting of many separate layers of authority. With Alexander the Great, Macedonia would come to conquer many lands and usher in the Hellenistic age in the region. Wars of the Ancient Greeks, Smithsonian answer choices . B. The Macedonian army was well-trained. Meeting November 24, 11 a.m. EST. They caused increasing involvement by Rome in Greek affairs and helped lead to Roman domination of the entire eastern Mediterranean area. According to the Greek historian Theopompus of Chios, Europe had never seen a man like king Philip of Macedonia, and he called his history of the mid-fourth century BCE the Philippic History.Theopompus had a point. At the highest levels it is quite well known; the same cannot be said of lesser ranks, but there are hints that suggest that, even at its lowest levels, it was as complex as the more powerful positions.… Report an issue . Alexander, as many others, needed the support of his well-trained army in his conquests. The militia armies of citizen-solders were not highly trained, and had difficulty moving in any direction but forward. The army of the Kingdom of Macedon was among the greatest military forces of the ancient world. Attic Greek ('Sophoi') Drag the events to the correct boxes. The armies approached each other in the summer of 418 on the plain near Mantinea. It was the birth of the citizen-warrior. added to Macedonia conquered all of Greece. [3] A. Jones, The Art of War in the Western World, Oxford 1989 p.4 A Macedonian king, if a capable soldier, is more free than his Spartan counterpart to follow up his successes. Lendon, J. E. 2005. Latin Wheelock group Plato: Apology, Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), The Center for Hellenic Studies in Greece, Chigi Vase, detail 1: hoplite battle, c 650-640 BCE, « Phalanx Warfare Transformed: Innovation in Ancient Greek Warfare 431–331 BCE | Part 2: Leuctra and Gaugamela, CHS Online Open House | “Beautiful Bodies or Beautiful Minds: Disability Studies in Homer.”Joel Christensen », Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0) license. The country’s economy was based on pastoral farming and many Macedonians were semi-nomadic pastoralists. The length of the war, the high stakes involved, and the increasing death toll caused the usual forms of war to be abandoned. It was created and made formidable by King Philip II of Macedon; previously the army of Macedon had been of little account in the politics of the Greek world, and Macedonia had been regarded as a second-rate power. Athens and Thebes. The training and professionalism of the Spartan regiments demonstrated their superiority over the citizen militia of the rest of Greece. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The Romans fought the ensuing war ineffectively, and in 205 the Peace of Phoenice ended the conflict on terms favourable to Philip, allowing him to keep his conquests in Illyria. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. On the Spartan side, the six Spartan “regiments” were joined by their allies and more informal groups of Spartans in a matching line of phalanxes (see Mantinea map, ‘Stage One’). Vote: favorite tragedy Although the phalanx was supported by lightly armed infantrymen fighting with javelins and bows and lightly armored cavalrymen with javelins, these troops did not play a decisive role in battle. The golden age of Greece came to an end. Victory for these armies of citizen-farmers was generally determined by bravery and staying-power. [4] J. E. Lendon, Soldiers and Ghosts, Yale 2005, p.52 The First Macedonian War (215–205 bc) occurred in the context of the Second Punic War, while Rome was preoccupied with fighting Carthage. Join these Forum discussions! The battle of Mantinea was fought between the Peloponnesian League headed by Sparta, and a coalition of Mantinea, Argos, Athens and some others. No other hoplite army of that time would have been able to effect a change of front so efficiently and quickly, and turn a doubtful battle into a complete victory. Ancient Greece was one of the dominant civilizations in the Mediterranean and the world for hundreds of years. Man's best friend Already in his lifetime the subject of fabulous stories, he later became the hero of a full-scale legend. So began the Third Macedonian War (171–168), which ended in 168 when the Roman army of Lucius Aemilius Paullus utterly defeated Perseus’ forces at the Battle of Pydna. Which of the following was NOT a reason why Macedonia conquered Greece? The Indian subcontinent campaign of Alexander the Great began in 326 BC. Their phalanx was composed of regiments, and the regiments of companies, and so on, each commanded by an officer. 2. Collection of photos from the conflict in Macedonia at the beginning of the twentieth century. Philip’s son and successor, Perseus (reigned 179–168), began to make alliances with various Greek city-states and thus aroused the displeasure of Rome. Macedon rose from a small kingdom on the periphery of classical Greek affairs, to a dominant player in the Hellenic world and beyond, within the span of 25 years between 359 and 336 BCE. The golden age of Greece came to an end. But as the rightward movement of the coalition army began to overlap the Spartan left, the Spartan king Agis, “…afraid of his left being surrounded…ordered (them) to move out from their place in the ranks and make the line even.”[7] In doing so, a gap opened up within the Spartan left wing, offering the converging coalition right wing the opportunity to flank both sides of the Spartan’s left (see map, ‘Stage Two’). In other words, each army drifted to the right as it advanced, allowing each stronger right wing to envelop the enemy’s weaker left wing, enabling it to attack the enemy’s open flank. He received a BA in cultural anthropology from the University of Chicago and an MBA from Pepperdine University. The Macedonian nobility and population measured their wealth in the number of horses and livestock, they owned. Ancient Greece had powerful cities, great thinkers called philosophers, and fine art. Causes of the Peloponnesian War Athens and Sparta formed . The First Macedonian War (215–205 The Spartans were different: they were professionals, trained in arms and in maneuver. Iliad  translation C. Sparta and Athens came together to defeat the Persians. The idea of democracy —rule by the people—also came from ancient Greece. Subscribe to this website to receive notification about new blog post articles and notices (powered by WordPress). Featured image: Dan Diffendale (photo) Chigi Vase, detail 1: hoplite battle, c 650-640 BCE, via Flickr, CC BY-NC-SA 2.0. When the Macedonian Army conquered territories from Greece to India, it was the "Greek Empire" that received the recognition, not the Macedonian Empire (although Alexander's empire had never been called Greek in any ancient source, but specifically Macedonian). Section 4.5 History Quiz Macedonians Invade Greece study guide by mpalumbo31 includes 33 questions covering vocabulary, terms and more. Greek mercenaries were also used in the Macedonian expeditionary army; they were mostly employed for garrison duty in the conquered provinces but some served in the army. [9] Strassler, Thucydides Book 5.74, Arrian of Nicomedia, ‘The Anabasis of Alexander‘ translated by Chinnock, E.J. Macedonia, a small kingdom in northern Greece, established a growing empire from 359 B.C. The coalition army arranged one city’s phalanx next to its neighbor in one long line. 2008. Rome subsequently established a benevolent protectorate over Greece. It was created and made formidable by King Philip II of Macedon; previously the army of Macedon had been of little account in the politics of the Greek world, and Macedonia had been regarded as a second-rate power.. Macedonia never conquered "Greece" in the context that this question implies. Ancient Greece: A Political, Social, and Cultural History, Oxford Philip’s forces were badly defeated by the Romans and their Greek allies in a battle at Cynoscephalae in 197. The Persian army and navy were too weak to win. Hornblower, S. 2008. Professionalism demonstrated one method of transforming hoplite warfare. Center for Hellenic Studies/Out of Chaos Theatre/Kosmos SocietyReading Greek Tragedy Online. 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